Tyrone on stage with the Yakima Symphony Orchestra, September 2014
Bagpipes & Concert Pitch? Here’s some context….
In 2014 while celebrating 20 years as a full-time Seattle bagpiper, Tyrone was asked to be a Guest Soloist with the Yakima Symphony Orchestra. As Lawrence Golan conducted, Tyrone performed on his Grandfather’s bagpipe, ca. 1900, brought from Cty Louth, Ireland when the family immigrated in 1923. Tyrone set the instrument to concert pitch A440 for the performance, using original drones and chanter. Adjusting the instrument to a reliable Concert Pitch was a 26 hour process. It was the first time the instrument was performed in it’s original sound and configuration since grandfather Nicholas Patrick Heade, Sr., played it perhaps 8o years prior.
How does a Bagpipe Work?
Contrary to popular thought, bagpipes are not woodwinds. In the 1980’s, Groves Music Dictionary described ‘bagpipes’ as an apparatus. While bagpipes are made out of wood, woodwinds are “woodwinds” because facial muscles are used to affect reed tone. In the case of piping, tone is affected by arm pressure -with-breath control on the bag (produced by arm/shoulder/upper back strength, assuming a closed air-efficient system), along with pre-arranged moisture control, and reed manipulation prior to performance. [Groves currently describes ‘bagpipes’ as “classed as a composite reedpipe.”]
Highland Bagpipes
Modern Highland bagpipes are usually set to a self-tone between Bb and B. Pipers work to have all four reeds work together with the strength of the piper to carry steady a steady, pleasant warm tone. Here are some ways to visualize bagpipe sound.
Small Pipes, Reel Pipes, and the “Great Small Pipe”
To “play well with others”, pipers rely on mouth-blown or bellows-blown pipes with Concert Pitch in mind. Mostly these are Small pipes, which have a cylindrically bored melody chanter. Small pipes have round tone (think Clarinet or Oboe), in the key of A, Bb, D, sometimes C. Small pipes are fine in small/medium sized rooms. In my acoustic ensemble Iona Abbey, they are played with cello, guitar, fiddle, bodhran and banjo. You can easily have a conversation a few feet away, without need to speak above the instrument.
The Great Small Pipe is something I created out of parts from two different makers. I often perform in large spaces (St James Cathedral, St. Mark’s Cathedral, chapels in each, churches throughout the west). My Great Small pipe has a round, comfortable sound and volume — but provides more projection and fullness. With Great Small pipes, you can easily still have a conversation close by.
Reel Pipes have a conically-bored chanter, offering a bright and highly prominent melody sound. Reel pipes are in the key of A, with a lovely meaningful (and tempering) drone combination. The key of A is the most prominent key for Small pipes. Tyrone four different A instruments, each providing a different volume and timbre.
Tyrone’s Concert pitch instrument collection, in order of volume:
Great Highland Bagpipe (1900 Lawrie drones & chanter), A440
Reel Pipe, bellows blown, A440 [drones A’, A, E alto]
Great Scottish Small pipe, A440 (video) [drones A’, E baritone or D baritone]
Scottish Small pipe, A440 (video) [drones A’, A, F alto; or G’, G]
Scottish Small pipe, A440 mouthblown [drones A’, A, E baritone]
Scottish Small pipe, Bb [drones A’, A, E baritone]
Scottish Small pipe, Bb mouthblown [drones A’, A, E baritone]
Scottish Small pipe, D [drones A’, A, D baritone]